"Plagues upon the Earth is a history of human civilization and the germs that have shaped its course. At every stage in our species' past, micro-organisms have had macro-effects on the development of human societies. Kyle Harper proposes the first history of human disease to make full use of a radical new source of evidence: pathogen genomes as a biological archive and window into prehistoric times. We can now begin to reconstruct the natural history of human disease at the molecular level, tracing the biographies of the viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that have haunted our species. The story reveals, Harper will show, the continuing importance of the deep past in determining the patterns of global divergence today. Plagues upon the Earth puts the dynamic two-way relationship between humanity and its germs in the foreground. The takeover and transformation of the planet by Homo sapiens has been the most powerful force shaping the evolution of microbial pathogens, and in turn, pathogen evolution has been a decisive influence on the destiny of human societies. From humanity's dispersal out of Africa to the rise of agriculture and complex civilizations, from the great pandemics of the medieval world to the age of global expansion and industrialization, from the modern increase in life expectancy to the ongoing threats of microbial resistance and emerging pathogens like HIV and Ebola, disease evolution has been and remains a primary, powerful, and unpredictable factor in human history. This will be the story of how we made our germs, and how our germs made the world as we know it. Harper aims to cover the entire timespan of Homo sapiens and to set the history of our species in deep perspective. The pathogens that exist today are the heirs of millions of years of evolution. Similarly, the patterns of economic development, and the roots of global inequality, have distant origins. Thus, Harper aims to bring together two bodies of literature: the history of disease